Pro Con Gay Marriage Free Essays

Pros of gay marriage: Two People who love eachother should be able to publicly celebrate their commitment Equality is protected in the due process clause in the constitution ( Constitutional Right) Same sex marriage helps adoption 100,000 children in the united states are waiting to be adopted! Refusing people the right to marry causes psychological damages ( this effects society in a negative way) Access to hospitals and care ( Marriage benefits healthcare coverage) Marriage has been changing over the years ( interracial marriage) there is no one definition for Marriage Massachussets was the first state to legalize gay marriage and they have the lowest divorce rate ( highest divorce rates occur in the states that have the more strict â€Å"gay† laws If marriages sole purpose is to procreate than why are infertile couples granted the right to still marry It doesn’t hurt society or anyone in particular. The only thing that should matter in marriage is love Denying them is a violation of religious freedom (civil and religious marriages are two separate institutions). Born gay argument : â€Å"Although all people in all societies with rare exceptions are socialized to be heterosexual, the predictable, universal appearance of homosexual persons, despite socialization into heterosexual patterns of behavior suggest not only that homosexual orientation is biologically based but that sexual orientation itself is also biologically derived. We will write a custom essay sample on Pro Con Gay Marriage or any similar topic only for you Order Now Experiences argument: â€Å"While there are different theories about how the sexual orientation develops, experts in the human sexuality field do not believe that premature sexual experiences play a significant role in late adolescent or adult sexual orientation. † Mental disorders DEBUNKED!!! â€Å"Psychologists, psychiatrists and other mental health professionals agree that homosexuality is not an illness, mental disorder or an emotional problem. Over 35 years of objective, well-designed scientific research has shown that homosexuality, in and [of] itself, is not associated with mental disorders or emotional or social problems. When researchers examined data about these people who were not in therapy, the idea that homosexuality was a mental illness was quickly found to be untrue Con’s of gay marriage: The institution of marriage has been defined as the union between a man and a woman ( Supreme court decision (oct 15 1971 baker v nelson) – definition has some connection with the book of genesis It may cause a slippery slope effect where people who are into beastiality and other â€Å"taboo† relationships could seek the right to marry if gay is allowed. People who are against gay marriage should not have to support something with tax dollars they find wrong such as health benefits for gay couples ( extending to gay couples would result in 596 million dollars being spent plus an additional 302 million) Children being raised in a same sex home would not be provided an optimum environment because they need mother and father rearing ( studies link to earlier sexual activity also a report was done the American psychological review? Children raised with gay parents were more likely to become gay themselves) Marriage should not be extended to same-sex couples because homosexual relationships have nothing to do with procreation. Allowing gay marriage would only further shift the purpose of marriage from producing and raising children to adult gratification. Marriage is a religious right According to a July 31, 2003 statement from the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith and approved by Pope John Paul II, marriage â€Å"was established by the Creator with its own nature, essential properties and purpose. No ideology can erase from the human spirit the certainty that  marriage solely exists between a man and a woman. Most religions consider homosexuality a sin. It would further weaken the traditional family values essential to our society. It confuses children about gender roles and expectations of society, and only a man woman can pro-create The gay lifestyle is not something to be encouraged, as a lot of research shows it leads to a much lower life expectancy, psychological disorders, and other problems BORN GAY: NO!! What is clear, however, is that the scientific attempts to demonstrate that omosexual attraction is biologically determined have failed. The major researchers now prominent in the scientific arena-themselves gay activists-have in fact arrived at such conclusions. There is no support in the scientific research for the conclusion that homosexuality is biologically determined. † Concerns for parenting and childhood : A good relationship with the same-sex parent m eets a child’s psychological needs for love, worth and affirmation as a boy or a girl. Where there is a lack of affirmation or even rejection, these legitimate needs are not met. If a girl’s femininity is unaffirmed, she may come to believe that she is unacceptable to her mother and therefore to women in general. In an attempt to fill the hole in her heart, she may look to other women for acceptance, perhaps even hoping (at a subconscious level) to gain femininity by association. Puberty later eroticizes these emotional needs, adding a sexual dimension. † http://gaymarriage. procon. org/ http://www. balancedpolitics. org/same_sex_marriages. htm http://borngay. procon. org/view. resource. php? resourceID=000005 How to cite Pro Con Gay Marriage, Essay examples

Migration Act Human Rights Commission

Questions: (1) Can Billy be deported, considering he has been living in Australia now for more than15 years? Write a letter of advice to Billy explaining the legislation and requirementsin sections 201 and 501 that relate to his circumstances and what his options wouldbe if his sentence was to cause the Minister to consider cancelling his visa anddeporting him.(2) Discuss, with reference to the relevant legislation, on what grounds the Minister may make a personal decision to cancel Billys visa under sections 501, 501A and 501Bof the Migration Act 1958 or set aside an original decision made by the delegate orthe Tribunal. If Billys visa was cancelled by the Minister personally, are there anyavenues of review that he can pursue? Answers: 1. Hello Billy, In this letter, we are addressing the issue related to section 501 and 201 of the Migration Act 1958. These sections are related to deport of non-citizens from Australia in case of any offence committed by non-citizen in Australia. Before giving the advice on the options available to you in case minister exercise his power and cancel your visa under section 201 and 501, it is necessary that we understand the section and facts of the case. Billy you are holding the citizenship of New Zealand, and arrived in Australia on a special visa that is subclass 444 when he was of aged 21. You are living in Australia for more than 15 years, and now aged 36. While returning from the pub you hit four teenagers who were returning from the party, which result in death of three teenagers, and fourth one was badly injured. You are placed in the police custody on the basis of the charge that is dangerous driving causing death. At the same time, your neighbor Sally Fields file complaint that you are molesting her daughter Emily, who is just 13 years old. At trial, judge found that you are molesting the Emily from 2010, when she was just 7 years old. You argued that you love Emily and wants to marry her, but judge was not convinced with this argument. Judge imposed 5 year imprisonment. Matters related to Deportation of non-citizens from Australia are fall under two sections that is Section 201 and 501 of the Migration Act 1958[1]. Section 201 of Migration Act 1958 states[2], that any person who is a non-citizen in Australia, and has been convicted for any offence committed in Australia can deport from Australia if such person was living in Australia for less than 10 years. it must also be noted that it is necessary for the application of this section that At the time of commitment of the crime, the convicted person must be non-citizen, who had been residing in Australia as a permanent resident for the period of less than 10 years and for that time of durations which if added together would be less than 10 years. In this case, it is clearly stated that you are living in Australia for more than 10 years. Therefore, it is clear that section 201 does not apply on you Billy. You are not the citizen of Australia, and you holds the citizenship of New Zealand. You lives in Australia as an exempt non-citizen and holds the visa of special category. According to Clause (b) of section 201 states that any person who holds the citizenship of New-Zealand, and who had been residing in Australia as an exempt non-citizen or who holds the visa of special category for the period of less than 10 years. For the purpose of this section the offence is described under Clause (c) of section 201 which states that offence in which person was sentenced to death or imprisonment for life or for period which is not less than 1 year and in this case Billy was sentenced to imprisonment for five years. Note: Section 200 of Migration Act 1958 applied to that person who falls under section 201 of Migration Act 1958. From the above discussion it is clear that section 201 apply on person who lives in Australia for less than 10 years. There this section is not applied on you because you are living in Australia for more than 15 years. Now, we look in Section 501 of the Migration Act 1958 which states[3] that Minister or Delegates cancel or refuse the Visa of the person on the grounds of character of person. Sub clause (1) and (2) of section 501 states[4] that minister may refuse to grant the visa or cancel the visa of the person who does not satisfy the minister that he passes the character test which is specified in subsection (6) of the Section 501 of Migration Act 1958, and the minister is satisfied that the refusal of visa or cancellation of visa is in the interest of Australia. In the present case, you commits the offence which was mention in the sub clause (6) (e) of section 501 that is commitment of sexual assault with child. In this you sexually harass the Emily from 2010 when she was just 7 years old. In this section person was deport from Australia, and minister can cancel the visa if he satisfied that person fail the character test because of the following reasons: Any person who has substantial criminal record that is mention under subsection 7, or any person who was convicted of an offence that was committed when such person was in immigration detention, or during the period when person is escaped from immigration detention, or after person is escaped from immigration detention but before he was taken back into immigration detention. For the purpose of this section substantial criminal record means[5]: Any person who sentenced to death. Any person who has been sentenced to imprisonment of life. Any person who sentenced to imprisonment for year or more. In this case, you holds substantial criminal record, because you were sentenced to imprisonment for the term 5 years. Therefore, minister can cancel the visa and deport you from Australia. When any court in Australia or in foreign country convicted any person for offences related to sexual assault with child, or found any person guilty for sexual assault with child and charge was proved against the person for sexual assault with child. This section is applied even if the person was discharged. From the abovementioned discussion it is clear that any person who is involving in child assault can deport from Australia. Minister can take decision to cancel and refusal of visa of the person who was guilty under section 501(6) of the Migration Act 1958, no matter how long person live in Australia[6]. Advice: We can file appeal against the order of the DIBP in AAT, because any order made by DIBP can be reviewed only by AAT. No, other option is available to, except file appeal against the decision of DIBP to AAT. According to section 500 of the Migration Act 1958 any person whose visa is refused or cancelled by minister under section 501 of the Migration Act 1958 can make application to the Administrative Appeals Tribunal for the review of the decision[7]. It is important to note that decision made by DIBP can be reviewed by AAT; any decision made by minister personally cannot be reviewed by making application to AAT. Minister also has power to set aside any decision made by the DIBP or Administrative Appeals Tribunal, and cancel the visa of the person. 2. Before stating the grounds on the basis of which minister can make a personal decision to cancel the Billy visa under sections 501, 501A and 501B of the Migration Act 1958 or set aside an original decision made by the delegate or the Tribunal, it is necessary that we understand the meaning of section 501A and 501B. Section 501A of the Migration Act 1958 states[8]: This section applies when the delegate of the Minister or the Administrative Appeals Tribunal makes the decision which is known as original decision, of not exercising their power which is provided under section 501(1) and 501(2) to refuse or cancel the visa respectively. In case of non applicability of natural justice the minister may set aside the original decision and refuse to grant the visa or cancel the visa that has been granted to the person if minister doubts that person does not clarify character test and minister believes that such refusal or cancellation is in national interest. According to subsection (5) and (6) of this section power stated under subsection (2) and (3) of this section can only be exercised by the minister personally, and minister is not under any obligation to exercise the power defined under subsection (2) and (3) against the original decision[9]. Section 501B of the Migration Act 1958 states[10]: This section applies when the delegate of the Minister or makes the decision which is known as original decision under section 501(1) and (2), to refuse to grant the visa or cancel the granted visa of any person. Minister can refuse or cancel the visa if he suspects or found that person does not pass the character test defined under section 501(6) of the Migration Act 1958, or the person is not able to satisfy the minister that he passes the character test, or minister believes that refusal or cancellation is in the national interest. Clause (3) of section 501B of the Migration Act 1958 states that power under subsection (2) of 501B of the Migration Act 1958 can be exercised by minister personally. Clause (3) of section 501B of the Migration Act 1958 states that minister has power to set aside the original decision made under subsection (2) of 501B of the Migration Act 1958, even in case when such original decision is the subject of application under review by AAT. Subsection (4) of Section 501 of the migration act states that power mention under subsection 501(3) can be exercised by minister personally. Grounds on which minister can cancel Billys visa, these grounds are used by minister personally. These grounds are generally defined in four categories: Substantial criminal record which is specified under subsection (7) of 501 of the Migration Act 1958: Any person who sentenced to death. Any person who has been sentenced to imprisonment of life. Any person who sentenced to imprisonment for year or more. In this Billy was sentenced to imprisonment for 5years which proves that he has substantial criminal record. Any person who is associated with criminal conduct: Any person who failed in the character test and associated with any other person or group, on which minister has reasonably that such person or group is involved in any criminal conduct. Billy was failed in the character test, because he has the substantial criminal record and he was involved in the offence of dangerous driving and child sexual harassment. Any person who is not of good character on the basis of his past and present conduct or general conduct: Billy was already convicted for the offence of dangerous driving and sexual assault involving a child, after looking in the past conduct it is possible that minister can cancel the visa of Billy. Any person whose future conduct is risky[11]: Any person who is involved under criminal conduct. Harass, molest, intimidate or stalk any other person Any person who represent the danger to society and community of Australia. In this minister can assume that Billy is dangerous for society after looking the crime history of Billy. If DIBP or minister found that person fails the character test or engaged in any type of ground stated above, then visa of such person is automatically cancelled. Review of decision is depending on whether the decision is made by the DIBP or Minister. Any decision made by DIBP can be review by making application to the AAT, but decision made by the minister personally cannot be reviewed by AAT or any other authority. When decision is made by DIBP, AAT has power to review the decision on the grounds whether decision is correct or preferable or not. AAT has power to affirm or revoke the original decision. In cases when AAT make decision not to cancel the persons visa and then minister has power to cancel the persons visa by set aside the decision made by the AAT. Minister also has power to set aside the original decision of DIBP and cancel the visa of the person. Minister also has power to substitute the original decision with his own decision. Minister can do this even the person made the application to review the decision made by DIBP to AAT. So it is clear from the above that any decision made by the minister cannot be review by AAT, but any decision made by the DIBP can be reviewed by making application to AAT[12]. Yes, Billy can file appeal against the decision made by minister under judicial review. It must be noted, any decision made by DIBP or minister under section 501 of the Migration Act 1958 to refuse or cancel the visa of the person can be reviewed under judicial review either by Federal Court or the High Court of Australia[13]. Bibliography Legislation Migration Act 1958 Migration Act1958, s 201 Migration Act 1958 s501 Migration Act 1958 s501A. Migration Act 1958 s501B. Websites Parliament of Australia. Chapter 9 - Removal and deportation. Accessed on 16th October 2016. https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Legal_and_Constitutional_Affairs/Completed%20inquiries/2004-07/migration/report/c09. Australian Human Rights Commission. Background paper: Human rights issues raised by visa refusal or cancellation under section 501 of the Migration Act. Accessed on 16th October 2016. https://www.humanrights.gov.au/publications/background-paper-human-rights-issues-raised-visa-refusal-or-cancellation-under-sectio-1. Australian Government: DIBP. Fact Sheet - The Character Requirement. Accessed on 16th October 2016. https://www.border.gov.au/about/corporate/information/fact-sheets/79character. Migration Act 1958 s 500 Federal Register of Legiislation. Migration Act 1958. Accessed on 16th October 2016. https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2015C00344. Human Rights Commission. 2009. Background Paper: Immigration detention and visa cancellation under section 501 of the Migration Act. Accessed on 16th October 2016. https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4a2e35462.pdf. Australian Human Rights Commission. Background paper: Human rights issues raised by visa refusal or cancellation under section 501 of the Migration Act. Accessed on 16th October 2016. https://www.humanrights.gov.au/publications/background-paper-human-rights-issues-raised-visa-refusal-or-cancellation-under-sectio-4. Australian Human Rights Commission. Background paper: Immigration detention and visa cancellation under section 501 of the Migration Act. Accessed on 16th October 2016. https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4ec3a6052.pdf.

The Levels of Protein Structures Essay Example

The Levels of Protein Structures Essay Proteins, one of the four main classes of organic compounds, are a fundamental building block of life. They are involved in everything organisms do, and in most of the cell’s processes. Proteins are found everywhere in the cell, locations vary from being suspended in the cytoplasm to being embedded in the cell membrane. They provide support, store amino acids, transport substances within the cell and between cells, detect and respond to chemical signals, combat diseases, and monitor chemical reactions in the cell. They have extremely complex and intricate structures, and display considerable diversity. Proteins are a varied group of organic compounds essential to life due to their unique structure and functions. The synthesis of proteins gives insight into their composition and structure. Proteins are made of a vast variety of combinations of twenty different monomers called amino acids. These monomers can be assembled into polymers called polypeptides. Protein synthesis begins after transcription, when an mRNA molecule moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm via the nuclear pores bearing coded instructions for the creation of a single protein. This messenger RNA interacts with a ribosome, an organelle consisting of proteins and rRNA that serves as the site of protein assembly. The ribosome is made of two subunits; the molecule of mRNA binds to one of these subunits, called the small ribosomal subunit. Binding to the subunit triggers the approach of a molecule of tRNA, which has an antiocodon complementary to the first of the mRNA’s codon. The tRNA picks up the amino acid specified by the instructions and attaches to the mRNA, and the other subunit, the large ribosomal subunit, binds to this, completing the ribosome structure. The next tRNA molecule, with an anticodon matching the second codon of the mRNA, arrives and once again attaches to the mRNA with an amino acid. The amino acids are bonded together using energy from ATP. Each We will write a custom essay sample on The Levels of Protein Structures specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Levels of Protein Structures specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Levels of Protein Structures specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

The Sobibor Death Camp

The Sobibor Death Camp The Sobibor Death Camp was one of the Nazis best-kept secrets. When Toivi Blatt, one of the very few survivors of the camp, approached a well-known survivor of Auschwitz in 1958 with a manuscript he had written about his experiences, he was told, You have a tremendous imagination. Ive never heard of Sobibor and especially not of Jews revolting there.  The secrecy of the Sobibor death camp was too successful; its victims and survivors were being disbelieved and forgotten. The Sobibor Death Camp did exist, and a revolt by the Sobibor prisoners did occur. Within this death camp, in operation for only 18 months, at least 250,000 men, women, and children were murdered. Only 48 Sobibor prisoners survived the war. Establishment   Sobibor was the second of three death camps to be established as part of Aktion Reinhard (the other two were Belzec and Treblinka). The location of this death camp was a small village called Sobibor, in the Lublin district of eastern Poland, chosen because of its general isolation as well as its proximity to a railway. Construction on the camp began in March 1942, overseen by SS Obersturmfà ¼hrer Richard Thomalla. Since construction was behind schedule by early April 1942, Thomalla was replaced by SS Obersturmfà ¼hrer Franz Stangl, a veteran of the Nazi euthanasia program. Stangl remained commandant of Sobibor from April until August 1942, when he was transferred to Treblinka (where he became commandant) and replaced by SS Obersturmfà ¼hrer Franz Reichleitner. The staff of the Sobibor death camp consisted of approximately 20 SS men and 100 Ukrainian guards. By mid-April 1942, the gas chambers were ready and a test using 250 Jews from the Krychow labor camp proved them operational. Arriving at Sobibor Day and night, victims arrived at Sobibor. Though some came by truck, cart, or even by foot, many arrived by train. When trains filled with victims drew near the Sobibor train station, the trains were switched onto a spur and led into the camp. The camp gate opened wide before us. The prolonged whistle of the locomotive heralded our arrival. After a few moments we found ourselves within the camp compound. Smartly uniformed German officers met us. They rushed about before the closed freight cars and rained orders on the black-garbed Ukrainians. These stood like a flock of ravens searching for prey, ready to do their despicable work. Suddenly everyone grew silent and the order crashed like thunder, Open them up! When the doors were finally opened, the occupants treatment varied depending on whether they were from the East or the West. If Western European Jews were on the train, they descended from passenger cars, usually wearing their very best clothes. The Nazis had relatively successfully convinced them that they were being resettled in the East. To continue the charade even once they had reached Sobibor, the victims were helped from the train by camp prisoners dressed in blue uniforms and given claim tickets for their baggage. A few of these unknowing victims even offered a tip to the porters. If Eastern European Jews were the occupants of the train, they descended from cattle cars amid  shouts, screams, and beatings, for the Nazis presumed that they knew what awaited them, thus were thought more likely to revolt. Schnell, raus, raus, rechts, links! (Fast, out, out, right, left!), shouted the Nazis. I held my five-year-old son by the hand. A Ukrainian guard snatched him; I dreaded that the child would be killed, but my wife took him. I calmed down, believing I would see them again soon. Leaving their baggage on the ramp, the mass of people were ordered by SS Oberscharfà ¼hrer Gustav Wagner into two lines, one with men and one with women and young children. Those too ill to walk were told by SS Oberscharfà ¼hrer Hubert Gomerski that they would be taken to a hospital (Lazarett), and thus were taken aside and sat upon a cart (later a little train). Toivi Blatt was holding his mothers hand when the order came to separate into two lines. He decided to follow his father into the line of men. He turned to his mother, unsure of what to say. But for reasons I still cannot understand, out of the blue I said to my mother, And you didnt let me drink all the milk yesterday. You wanted to save some for today. Slowly and sadly she turned to look at me. This is what you think about at such a moment?To this day the scene comes back to haunt me, and I have regretted my strange remark, which turned out to be my very last words to her. The stress of the moment, under the harsh conditions, did not lend to clear thinking. Usually, the victims did not realize that this moment would be their last time to speak to or see each other. If the camp needed to replenish its workers, a guard would shout out among the lines for tailors, seamstresses, blacksmiths, and carpenters. Those who were chosen  often left brothers, fathers, mothers, sisters, and children behind in the lines. Other than those who were trained at a skill, sometimes the SS chose men or women, young boys or girls, seemingly randomly for work within the camp. Out of the thousands who stood on the ramp, perhaps a select few would be chosen. Those who were chosen would be marched off at a run to Lager I; the rest would enter through a gate that read, Sonderkommando Sobibor (special unit Sobibor). Workers Those selected to work were taken to Lager I. Here they were registered and placed in barracks. Most of these prisoners still did not realize that they were in a death camp. Many asked other prisoners when they would again be able to see their family members. Often, other prisoners told them about Sobibor, that this was a place that gassed Jews, that the smell that pervaded was dead bodies piling up, and that the fire they saw in the distance was bodies being burned. Once the new prisoners found out the truth of Sobibor, they had to come to terms with it. Some committed suicide. Some became determined to live. All were devastated. The work that these prisoners were to carry out did not help them forget this horrific news; rather, it reinforced it. All the workers within Sobibor worked within the death  process or  for the SS staff. Approximately 600 inmates worked in the  Vorlager, Lager I, and Lager II, while approximately 200 worked in the segregated Lager III. The two sets of prisoners never met, for they lived and worked apart. Workers in the  Vorlager, Lager I, and Lager II The prisoners who worked outside Lager III had a wide range of jobs. Some worked specifically for the SS, making gold trinkets, boots, clothing, cleaning cars, or feeding horses. Others worked at jobs dealing with the death process, sorting clothes, unloading and cleaning the trains, cutting wood for the  pyres, burning personal artifacts, cutting the womens hair, and so on. These workers lived daily amid fear and terror. The SS and the Ukrainian guards marched the prisoners to their work in columns, making them sing marching songs along the way. A prisoner could be beaten and whipped for simply being out of step. Sometimes prisoners were to report after work for punishments they had accrued during the day. As they were being whipped, they were forced to call out the number of lashes; if they didnt shout loud enough or if they lost count, the punishment would start over again or they would be beaten to death. Everyone at roll call was forced to watch these punishments. Though there were certain general rules one needed to know in order to live, there was no certainty about who could be a victim of SS cruelty. We were permanently terrorized. Once, a prisoner was talking to a Ukrainian guard; an SS man killed him. Another time we carried sand to decorate the garden; Frenzel [SS Oberscharfà ¼hrer Karl Frenzel] took out his revolver, and shot a prisoner working at my side. Why? I still dont know. Another terror was SS Scharfà ¼hrer Paul Groths dog, Barry. On the ramp as well as in the camp, Groth would sic  Barry on a prisoner; Barry would then tear the prisoner to pieces. Though the prisoners were terrorized daily, the SS was even more dangerous when they were bored. It was then that they would create games. One such game was to sew up each leg of a prisoners pants, then put rats down them. If the prisoner moved, he would be beaten to death. Another such sadistic game began when a thin prisoner was forced to quickly drink a large quantity of vodka and then eat several pounds of sausage. Then the SS man would force the prisoners mouth open and urinate in it, laughing  as the prisoner threw up. Yet even while living with terror and death, the prisoners continued to live. The prisoners of Sobibor socialized with each other. There were approximately 150 women among the 600 prisoners, and couples soon formed. Sometimes there was dancing. Sometimes there was  lovemaking. Perhaps since the prisoners were constantly facing death, acts of life became even more important. Workers in Lager III Not much is known about the prisoners who worked in Lager III, for the Nazis kept them permanently separated from all others in the camp. The job of delivering food to the gates of Lager III was an extremely risky job. A number of times the gates of Lager III opened while the prisoners delivering food were still there, and thus the food deliverers were taken inside Lager III and never heard from again. To find out about the prisoners in Lager III, Hershel Zukerman, a cook, tried to contact them. In our kitchen we cooked the soup for camp No. 3 and Ukrainian guards used to fetch the vessels. Once I put a note in Yiddish into a dumpling, Brother, let me know what you are doing. The answer arrived, stuck to the bottom of the pot, You shouldnt have asked. People are being gassed, and we must bury them. The prisoners who worked in Lager III worked amid  the extermination process. They removed the bodies from the gas chambers, searched the bodies for valuables, then either buried them (April to the end of 1942) or burned them on pyres (end of 1942 to October 1943). These prisoners had the most emotionally wearing job, for many would find family members and friends among those they had to bury. No prisoners from Lager III survived. The Death Process Those who were not selected for work during the initial selection process stayed in the lines (except those who had been selected to go to the hospital who were taken away and directly shot). The line made up of women and children walked through the gate first, followed later by the line of men.  Along  this walkway, the victims saw houses with names like the Merry Flea and the Swallows Nest, gardens with planted flowers, and signs that pointed to showers and canteen.  All this helped deceive the unsuspecting victims, for Sobibor seemed to them too peaceful to be a place of murder. Before they reached the center of Lager II, they passed through a building where camp workers asked them to leave their small handbags and personal belongings. Once they reached the main square of Lager II, SS Oberscharfà ¼hrer Hermann Michel (nicknamed the preacher) gave a short speech, similar to what is remembered by Ber Freiberg: You are leaving for the Ukraine where you will work. In order to avoid epidemics, you are going to have a disinfecting shower. Put away your clothes neatly, and remember where they are, as I shall not be with you to help to find them. All valuables must be taken to the desk. Young boys would wander among the crowd, passing out string so that they could tie their shoes together. In other camps, before the Nazis thought of this, they ended up with large piles of unmatched shoes, the pieces of string helped keep the pairs of shoes matched for the Nazis. They were to hand over their valuables through a window to a cashier (SS Oberscharfà ¼hrer Alfred Ittner). Having undressed and folded their clothes neatly in piles, the victims entered the tube labeled by the Nazis as the Himmlestrasse (Road to Heaven). This tube, approximately 10 to 13 feet wide, was constructed of barbed-wire sides that were interwoven with tree branches. Running from Lager II through the tube, the women were taken aside to a special barracks to have their hair cut off. After their hair was cut, they were taken to Lager III for their showers. Upon entering Lager III, the unknowing holocaust victims came upon a large brick building with three separate doors. Approximately 200 people were pushed through each of these three doors into what appeared to be showers, but what were really gas chambers. The doors were then closed. Outside, in a shed, an SS officer or a Ukrainian guard started the engine that produced the carbon monoxide gas. The gas entered each of these three rooms through pipes installed specifically for this purpose. As Toivi Blatt relates as he was standing near Lager II, he could hear sounds from Lager III: Suddenly I heard the sound of internal combustion engines. Immediately afterward, I heard a terribly high-pitched, yet smothered, collective cry- at first strong, surpassing the roar of the motors, then, after a few minutes, gradually weakening. My blood froze. In this way, 600 people could be killed at once. But this was not fast enough for the Nazis, so, during the fall of 1942, three additional gas chambers  of equal size were added. Then, 1,200 to 1,300 people could be killed at one time. There were two doors to each gas chamber, one where the victims walked in, and the other where the victims were dragged out. After a short time of airing out the chambers, Jewish workers were forced to pull the bodies out of the chambers, throw them into carts, and then dump them into pits. At the end of 1942, the Nazis ordered all the corpses exhumed and burned. After this time, all further victims bodies were burned upon pyres built upon wood and helped by the addition of gasoline. It is estimated that 250,000 people were killed at Sobibor.

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 43

Economics - Essay Example Globalization is the reason why situations mentioned above happened in the every corner of the world. Globalization shortens the distances between people and countries and makes foreign products approachable for people all over the world. It has huge impacts on both environment and the labor markets in positive ways and negative ways.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Decades ago when people were talking about the consequences of globalization, the positive outcomes always came up first to their mind. It is true that globalization brought us whom are customers a lot convenience and broader options toward products with relatively lower prices. Because of globalization Chinese people can buy European mobiles such as BMWs without going to Europe and drive it all the back from there to China. They can order it from China without even walking out of their house; and probably the car will park in front of their house the next day after they purchased. Globalization has huge impact on labor standards mainly because it has provided many job opportunities world widely. Many international firms have their branch companies overseas in order to expand their market and reduce the cost of the company; as a result of this many job positions are provided besides the jobs in the local labor market. Different branch company of a firm has different description of their work tasks by considering the different situations in different areas, such as the different cost of labor and capital. Eventually, the labor standard is specified in each area. Countries like China and India are mainly focusing on manufacturing which needs huge amount of labor and capital such as land; because of the lower cost of labor and capital there. On the contrary, countries such as Germany and United States are focusing on financial services and technology support, which needs people will higher skills. As a result the cost of labor and

Strategic Marketing Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategic Marketing Management - Essay Example Strategic marketing plan is appropriately observed as a continuous process as this assists the particular organization to recognize the objectives that it aims to attain. In this context, it is important to be noted that the objectives of any organization cannot remain the same throughout and needs to be changed according to the alterations in the business environment. In this period of ever changing business environment, only a proper strategic marketing plan can help an organization sustain. Strategic Marketing Planning in the Sports Sector The sport industry has started to acknowledge the worth and the need of a proper plan of strategic marketing. There have been little facts regarding the relationship that is said to exist among the performances and a proper marketing plan in relation to an organization. However, there has been conflict between numerous researchers of sports about the fact that unless enhancements are made in the actions of a strategic marketing plan, it would not be possible for the sports industry to persist to live on in an environment that is so competitive (Shoham & Kahle, 1996). The process for designing a proper strategic marketing plan with regard to the sports industry is proposed below.... In this context, it is important to be noted that the objectives of any organization cannot remain the same throughout and needs to be changed according to the alterations in the business environment. In this period of ever changing business environment, only a proper strategic marketing plan can help an organization sustain. Strategic Marketing Planning in the Sports Sector The sport industry has started to acknowledge the worth and the need of a proper plan of strategic marketing. There have been little facts regarding the relationship that is said to exist among the performances and a proper marketing plan in relation to an organization. However, there has been conflict between numerous researchers of sports about the fact that unless enhancements are made in the actions of a strategic marketing plan, it would not be possible for the sports industry to persist to live on in an environment that is so competitive (Shoham & Kahle, 1996). The process for designing a proper strategic m arketing plan with regard to the sports industry is proposed below. The steps that are included in the proposed structure are based on the studies of Shilbury & Et. Al. (1998), Kotler (1997), McDonald (1999) and Lancaster & Massingham (1996): 1. Ascertaining the mission statement of the organization 2. The corporate objectives associated with the particular organization should be laid down 3. Analyzing the environment of the market To evaluate the external market environment where the organization competes that is the outside forces and the competitive market among others To evaluate the inner environment of the organization that is the financial capabilities of the particular organization, marketing, and manufacturing among others 4. Performing a SWOT

Effect of Earnings Decline on Crime Levels

Effect of Earnings Decline on Crime Levels Module: Contemporary Issues in the UK Economy Use an appropriate supply and demand framework to explain how a decline in earnings from legitimate work would be expected to affect the level of crime. To what extent does evidence from the UK support this theoretical prediction? The idea that low earnings affect crime is not a new idea; Aristotle (350 B.C.) himself said â€Å"poverty is the parent of revolution and crime† (pg. 32). Since then, there has been much research in the field since policymakers require this information to create effective crime-reducing policies. In recent years, falling real wages has been a significant issue since the UK is in the longest period of pay stagnation since 1855 (The Economist, 25th Oct 2014). I will discuss the impact of falling wages on the crime rate by using an economic supply and demand framework and comparing my findings to real evidence from UK data. Both Becker (1968) and Freeman’s (1999) work make the assumption that criminals are rational economic agents and hence criminal activity can be modelled using a supply and demand framework in the same way one could a goods or services market. Economic theory states that the supply of crime depends on four components: potential earnings from committing a successful crime (Wc), probability of being caught (p), level of punishment (S) and wages earned from legitimate work (W). This can be shown in the following inequality: (1-p)U(Wc)-pU(S)>U(W) The left hand side represents the potential net benefit gained from committing the crime and the right hand side shows the utility of legitimate earnings. So the individual will commit a crime if the net benefits of committing the crime exceed the benefits of legitimate work. These factors which influence whether an individual decides to commit a crime or not can be aggregated to create the following function for Criminal Participation (CP): CP=f (Wc, P, S, W). The demand function of crime describes how the level of crime in society falls as individuals take increasing preventative measures (Cook, 1986) and therefore, the demand curve is downward sloping. However, the level of demand for committing crimes varies depending on the type of criminal activity undertaken. Freeman (1999) differentiates between â€Å"victimless† and â€Å"victims† crime suggesting that â€Å"victimless† crime carries obvious economic gain, e.g. dealing drugs, whereas â€Å"victims† crime has no obvious economic benefit e.g. violent crime. However, the downward sloping demand curve for â€Å"victims† crime is less intuitive so most work focusses on â€Å"victimless† crime. It is worth noting that one of the limitations of this supply and demand model in analysing crime rates is that it does not take into account non-economic incentives i.e. the feeling of doing wrong versus earning an honest living. Having discussed how to model crime using supply and demand analysis, I will now use these economic tools to illustrate a situation where wages are falling. If wages from legitimate work (W) fall, the supply curve will shift outwards since the opportunity cost of crime has fallen. Using the inequality previously discussed ((1-p) U(Wc)-pU(S)>U(W)), if legitimate earnings (W) fall, assuming ceteris paribus, the benefits of committing the crime are relatively higher. Hence more people will be willing to commit crimes. This is shown in Figure 1 as the shift from CP1 to CP2. Cantor and Land (1985) call this the motivation effect. As shown here, the outward shift of â€Å"supply† of crime (CP1 to CP2) results in an increase in the amount of crime committed (Q1 to Q2). However, there is also a fall in potential earnings from crime (Wc1 to Wc2); if wages fall, the value of consumer goods being bought is likely to fall so there are fewer valuable goods available to steal. This is the Opportunity Effect (Cantor and Land, 1985). So the fall in wages could actually reduce the crime level. It is difficult to gauge which effect, Opportunity or Motivation, is stronger. One factor which could affect this is whether low or high wages are falling. Machin and Meghir (2004) make this distinction by analysing the 25th wage percentile to capture lower skilled workers whose opportunity cost of committing is lower (Freeman, 1999). Machin and Meghir use data from England and Wales (1975-1996) and focus on vehicle and property crime as these are more likely to be driven by economic incentives than e.g. violent crimes. Figure 2 shows the relationship between the level of wage growth in an economy and the level of crime. The close proximity of the points on the graph to the regression line (calculated using a weighted least squares regression) shows a relatively strong negative correlation between the variables and the slope of the regression line gave a value of -1.580; hence, as the 25th percentile wage rises by 1%, the property crime rate is expected to fall by 1.580%. Machin and Meghir’s work supports the theoretical analysis that falling wages leads to higher crime rates for low paid workers. Therefore if low wages fall, the Motivation effect exceeds the Opportunity effect. We can also look at more recent wage and crime data from the UK to see if it supports the conclusion, that falling wages leads to higher crime rates, drawn from supply and demand analysis. As shown in Figure 3, there has been a downward trend in the real wage rate in the UK since the financial crash in 2007, real wage growth was around 10% but this has fallen to -9% by 2014. Using economic theory, it is evident that if real wages fall, then tax revenue earned by the government is likely to decrease through e.g. lower income tax revenue. Moreover, if people have lower earnings, government’s spending in transfer payments e.g. benefits is likely to rise. The situation of falling tax revenue and higher demand for public services has led to a worsening budget balance so the Coalition government adopted austerity measures. This has affected many areas of public sector spending, including the police force where there have been  £2.5bn in budget cuts since 2011, and an estimated 70% of these cuts have been in officer cuts (BBC News, 22nd July 2014). This leads to a fall in the probability of being caught (P) and severity of punishment (S), since severe punishments are typically more expensive. The effects on P and S are â€Å"second round† effects derived from falling wages. Using the CP function, one would expect that if P and S fall there is a rise in crime. However, national crime statistics demonstrate a reduction in the level of crime in the UK (figure 4): So it is evident that crime has been falling since around 1995 as shown by the Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) data estimate. Since the financial crash, crime has fallen from around 10.5 million in 2008/2009 to 8.5 million in 2012/2013. This contradicts the conclusion made using supply/demand analysis that falling wages leads to higher crime rates. However, David Cameron argues that remaining policemen have been asked â€Å"to do more with less resources [and they] have performed magnificently (Gill, 2013). However, critics argue that there are other factors which have reduced crime statistics. Gill (2013) points towards technological advancements as a significant reason for a falling crime rates. Firstly, car manufacturers are able to include central locking systems which makes it more difficult for criminals to break in. Secondly, car break-ins are typically a â€Å"starter crime† leading onto more serious crimes such as drug dealing; if fewer people are getting involved in crime at this lower level then there will be less crime overall. Thirdly, Gill (2013) highlights the way crime is reported as being a problem since there has been growth in online and high tech crime, for example, online credit card fraud, which is not taken into account in the CSEW crime statistics. Therefore, the â€Å"second round† effects, that falling wages/tax revenue force governments to cut police funding results in more crime, may not be felt since technological advancements have resulted in less (reported) crime. That said, the Ministry of Justice (MoJ) made a statement (2010) explaining how it planned to stabilise the number of prisoners until 2014/2015 and after this it would look at reducing the number by 3000 fewer than the figure as of 19th November 2010 (85,393). So while austerity measures have been implemented by the government, the severity of punishments has yet to fall significantly; this may be another reason why the crime rate did not increase whilst wages have been falling. It will be interesting to see whether going forward now crime rates increase since the MoJ is aiming to reduce the number of prisoners. In conclusion, it is evident that a supply and demand framework to model the effect of falling wages on crime cannot fully explain the situation we are currently in. In all fairness, Machin and Meghir’s work did support these findings, however more recent wage and crime data has contradicted the expected outcome. Therefore, although using a supply and demand framework can explain the impact of falling wages on crime to an extent, other factors, such as technological developments, may also influence the crime rate and policymakers who are trying to tackle crime need to ensure these other factors are also taken into account. Bibliography Aristotle (350 B.C.E.) Politics. Translated by B. Jowett. 1999. Kitchener: Batoche Books. Becker, G. (1968) Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach. Journal of Political Economy, 76 (2): 169-217. Becker, G. (1992) The Economic Way of Looking at Life. Nobel Prize [transcript], Wednesday 9th December, Available from: http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1992/becker-lecture.pdf [Accessed 18th November 2014]. Blunt, C. (2010) Imprisonment for Public Protection. House of Commons Debate [transcript], Tuesday 23rd November, Available from: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201011/cmhansrd/cm101123/debtext/101123-0001.htm [Accessed on 20th November 2010]. Cantor, D. and Land, K. C. (1985) Unemployment and crime rates in the post-World War 2 United States: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis. American Sociological Review, 50 (3): 317–332. Cook, P. J. (1986) The Demand and Supply of Criminal Opportunities. Crime and Justice, 7: 1-27. Crime in England and Wales: Quarterly Bulletin. The Office of National Statistics [online], 19th July 2012. Available from: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_273169.pdf [Accessed 16th November 2014]. Dolphin, T. (2014) Bleak figures show a relentless slide towards a low-pay Britain. The Observer [online], Sunday 19th October. Available from: http://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/oct/18/economy-bleak-british-workers-technology [Accessed 18th November 2014]. Ehrlich, I. (1996) Crime, Punishment and Market for Offenses. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 10 (1): 43-67. Freeman, R. (1999) â€Å"The Economics of Crime.† In Ashenfelter, O. and Card, D. (ed.) Handbook of Labour Economics, 3. Amsterdam, Netherlands: North Holland Publishers. pp. 3530-3571. Gill, M. (2013) David Cameron is wrong: falling crime rates are not because of the magnificent police. New Statesman [online], Thursday 18th July. Available from: http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2013/07/no-david-cameron-falling-crime-rates-are-not-because-magnificent-police [Accessed on: 17th November 2014]. Machin, S. and Meghir, C. (2004) Crime and Economic Incentives. The Journal of Human Resources, 49 (4): 958-979. Police forces in England and Wales ’rise to the cuts challenge’. BBC News [online], 22nd July 2014. Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-28415123 [Accessed 18th November 2014]. Real Wages: What Recovery?. The Economist [online], 25th Oct 2014. Available from: http://www.economist.com/news/britain/21627665-workers-continue-feel-pinch-what-recovery [Accessed 18th November 2014].